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(See
also our resource list from our seminar "Beauty,
Honor, and Tradition: The Legacy of Plains Indian Shirts.)
Web
Sites and Primary Documents Online
Treaties
with Minnesota Indian Tribes
This site includes full text transcriptions of various treaties
between the government and Minnesota tribes.
Native
American Documents Project at California State University, San Marcos
This project was begun in 1992 by Prof. E.A. Schwartz to develop
methods for making documents of federal Indian policy history accessible
by computer. Includes allotment data and a transcription of the
Dawes Act.
The
American Indian of the Pacific Northwest Collection, at the University
of Washington
Dozens of pictures of Indian boarding schools in the Pacific Northwest.
Click on the Education link.
Photographs
from Indian Boarding Schools
On-line exhibits
of former boarding schools:
Primary
Document: Richard Pratt -- Kill the Indian, Save the Man
The speech Pratt, founder of the Carlisle Boarding School, gave
to the Nineteenth Annual Conference of Charities and Correction
at Denver in 1892.
Library
of Congress Memory Project
A boarding school lesson plan recommended for grades 6-9: "Indian
Boarding Schools: Civilizing the Native Spirit." Includes a
teacher guide and a student page.
National
Archives and Records Administration
Teaching With Documents Lesson Plan: Maps of Indian Territory, the
Dawes Act, and Will Rogers' Enrollment Case File.
Educational
Resources on Wisconsin Indian Nations
The University of Wisconsin System Disseminating Information on
Wisconsin Indian Cultures: Complying with Act 31. Curricula, syllabi,
and other educational resources on Wisconsin Indians; background
information on tribal sovereignty, treaties, facts about Wisconsin
Indian nations and other topics; and links to related websites.
Wisconsin's
Act 31 Information
Historical background, classroom requirements under Act 31, and
related Wisconsin state statutes.
Modern
American Poetry web site/Louise Erdrich links
A site in conjunction with Erdrich's poem "Indian Boarding
School: The Runaways." Includes a photo gallery, a 1912 daily
boarding school schedule, an article about "assimilation through
education," and excerpts from Zitkala-Sa's ninetheenth-century
account.
Marquette
University Libraries Native American Collections
Descriptive inventories for the Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions
records (including mission schools). There is also a link to curricula.
One lesson plan is about government treaties.
Clarke
Historical Library of Central Michigan University
A discussion of federal education policy toward Native Americans
and the experiences of Indians who attended off-reservation boarding
schools.
Great
Lakes Indian Fish & Wildlife Commission
The GLIFWC publishes a number of booklets, posters, videos, and
brochures available for free or for a nominal fee discussing Ojibwe
treaty rights. See the "Publications" page.
Mille
Lacs Band of Ojibwe Home Page
Includes some general Ojibwe history and culture background.
Star
Tribune Feature: The Spirit of White Earth (1999)
An on-line Star Tribune feature about the White Earth Indian Reservation,
featuring the story of Winnie Jourdain who attended a boarding school.
Includes some basic Ojibwe language.
First
Ojibwe Language and Culture Site Resource Page
Links to Ojibwe language sites, audio samples, online dictionaries
and wordlists, texts in Ojibwe, and a few language lessons.
Native
Languages of the Americas: Preserving and promoting American Indian
languages
Very comprehensive list of web sites and resources about the Ojibwe
language.
A
1999 description of the Mille Lacs Band's Ojibwe Language Program
It received an award from The Harvard Project on American Indian
Economic Development.
Nay
Ah Shing Schools Web site
The Mille Lacs band's tribal school with an Ojibwe language program.
Bug
o nay ge shig School Web site
The Leech Lake band's tribal school that is in the process of starting
an Ojibwe language immersion program.
Waasa
Inaadidaa-We Look in All Directions
Companion web site for the six-part PBS documentary produced by
Turtle Island Productions in 2002. Website includes classroom activities,
video excerpts, and more information about the series and about
Ojibwe history and culture. Video ordering information is available
on the site.
Progressive
Resource/Action Cooperative
The Progressive Resource/Action Cooperative (PRC) is a multi-issue,
multi-tactical activist organization committed to peace with social
justice.
Native
American Rights Fund
NARF works for the preservation of tribal existence; the protection
of tribal natural resources; the promotion of Native American human
rights; the accountability of governments to Native Americans; and
the development of Indian law and educating the public about Indian
rights, laws, and issues.
Online
Articles
- Teaching
Indigenous Languages: Four Successful Indigenous Language Programs,
by Dawn B. Stiles.
Compares Cree, Hualapai, Maori, and Hawaiian indigenous language
programs and describes common components and problems of implementation.
- Hawaiian
Language Programs, by Kauanoe Kamana and William H. Wilson.
Brief article describing the successful Hawaiian language programs.
- Soul
Wound: The Legacy of Native American Schools, by Andrea Smith.
On the Amnesty International Web page.
U.S.
and Canadian authorities took Native children from their homes
and tried to school, and sometimes beat, the Indian out them.
Now Native Americans are fighting the theft of language, of culture,
and of childhood itself.
Books
When you buy any of the following books from the Barnes and Noble.com
web site using the links, your purchase will benefit the Minnesota
Humanities Commission.
General Boarding Schools
 Education
for Extinction: American Indians and the Boarding School Experience,
1875-1928, David Wallace Adams. Lawrence: University
Press of Kansas, 1995.
 Away
from Home: American Indian Boarding School Experience, 1879-2000,
Margaret L. Archuleta, Brenda J. Child, and K. Tsianina Lomawaima,
editors. Phoenix: Heard Museum, 2000. (Created for the Heard Museum's
2001 exhibit on boarding schools.)
 To
Show What an Indian Can Do: Sports at Native American Boarding
Schools, Vol. 2 , John Bloom. Minneapolis: University
of Minnesota Press, 2000.  American
Indian Sports Heritage, Joseph B. Oxendine. Lincoln: University
of Nebraska Press, 1995.
Chapters 8, 9, and 10 focus on sports at boarding schools.
 Boarding
School Seasons: American Indian Families, 1900-1940, Brenda
J. Child. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1993.
Child uses interviews, letters from children, and archival sources
to describe boarding school life from the perspective of former
students and their families. Focus is on Flandreau and Haskell
Institute. American
Indian Children at School, 1850-1930, Michael C. Coleman.
Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1993.
Indian autobiographies from many published sources give an overview
of life at the boarding schools. A bibliography of these primary
sources is included.
 Shaping
Survival: Essays by Four American Indian Tribal Women,
Lanniko L. Lee, Florestine Kiyukanpi Renville, and Karen Lone
Hill. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc,
2002.
This book covers the educational experiences of four American
Indian women who were educated in schools such as the Bureau of
Indian Affairs boarding schools, off-reservation public schools,
and Indian mission schools. A
National Crime: The Canadian Government and the Residential School
System, 1879 to 1986, John Milloy. The University of Manitoba
Press, 1999.
A history of the Canadian residential school system using unreleased
government documents, internal memorandum, reports from field
inspectors, and letters of complaints to show that the residential
system was under funded and often mismanaged, and it documents
how this affected the health, education and well-being of entire
generations of Native Americans children.
Books focusing
on particular schools:
 To
Change Them Forever: Indian Education at the Rainy Mountain Boarding
School, 1893-1920, Clyde Ellis. Norman: University of
Oklahoma Press, 1996. Indians
at Hampton Institute 1877-1923, Donal F. Lindsey. Urbana:
University of Illinois Press, 1995. They
Called It Prairie Light: The Story of Chilocco Indian School,
K. Tsianina Lomawaima. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press,
1994. The
Rapid City Indian School, 1898-1933, Scott D. Riney. Norman:
University of Oklahoma Press, 1999. Phoenix
Indian School: Forced Assimilation in Arizona, 1891-1935,
Robert Trennert. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1988. Stony
the Road: Essays from the Hampton Institute Archives,
Keith L. Schall (Editor). University of Virginia Press, 1977.
Women's boarding
schools started by the tribes themselves, in the 1850s
Present Day
Indian Education Books
 Education
and the American Indian: The Road to Self-Determination since
1928, Margaret Szasz. The University of New Mexico Press,
1999.
An analysis and interpretation of trends and policies that have
shaped Indian education in the 1980s and 1990s.  Collected
Wisdom: American Indian Education,
Linda Miller Cleary with Thomas D. Peacock. Pearson Education,
1997.
Distills insights from interviews with 60 practicing teachers
of American Indian students. Considers such perspectives as the
teacher as learner, cultural differences, the remnants of oppression,
being Indian in a non-Indian world, language issues, ways of learning,
and motivating students.
General Ojibwe
Books
 Concise
Dictionary of Minnesota Ojibwe (revised), John D. Nichols
and Earl Nyholm. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995.
 Living
Our Language: Ojibwe Tales and Oral Histories: A Bilingual Anthology,
Anton Treuer. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2001.
 Good
Path: Ojibwe Learning and Activity Book for Kids, Thomas
Peacock and Marlene Wisuri, Afton: Afton Historical Society Press,
2002.
-
 Waasa
Inaabidaa:Ojibwe:
We Look in All Directions,
Thomas Peacock and Marlene Wisuri, Afton: Afton Historical Society
Press, 2002.
 Portage
Lake: Memories of an Ojibwe Childhood, Maude Kegg, John
D. Nichols (Editor). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press,
1993.
Videos
- American
Experience: In the White Man's Image: Covers Capt. Richard Pratt's
experiment on assimilation of American Indians in boarding schools.
(1991; 60 minutes)
- Children
of Wind River: Uses interviews and archival photos to describe
traditional child rearing methods, and the impact of boarding
schools on Shoshone and Arapahoe people. (30 minutes)
- Spirit of
the Dawn: Documentary about Indian education in the US, using
the experience of the Montana Crow Indians. Archival footage included.
(1994; 29 minutes)
- White Man's
Way: Uses interviews with former students and archival photos,
to describe the Indian School in Genoa, Nebraska and gives a history
of the boarding schools. (30 minutes)
- Waasa-Inaabidaa:
We Look In All Directions: 6-part PBS video series, including
one part on Ojibwe education and the boarding school experience.
(each part is 60 minutes)
- Where the
Spirit Lives: A young Native American fights to keep her culture
and identity when she is abducted to a residential school. (1989,
96 min.)
- The Woodlands:
The Story of the Mille Lacs Ojibwe: This is a firsthand account
of its rich 400-year history through narration, historical footage,
music, and personal interviews with tribal elders.
CD-ROM
Brain-Box
Digital Archives: Maawanji'iding - Gathering Together
Ojibwe Histories and Narratives from Wisconsin
Oral histories from N. Wisconsin's Ojibwe homelands have been published
on CD-ROM for listeners in educational settings and at home. Maawanji'iding
contains hours of oral histories and hundreds of primary documents
relevant to history, culture and contemporary issues in the Great
Lakes.
Lesson Plan
Anishinabe
- Ojibwe - Chippewa: Culture of an Indian Nation
For grades 3-5
Students will be introduced to the past and present cultures of
the Anishinabe/Ojibwe people, the tribe's original and contemporary
locations, and the meanings and history of their different names.
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